TEMA INTEGRADOR THEME INTEGRATOR
1. Personalidad/Personality
Personality has to do with individual differences among people in behavior patterns, cognition and emotion. Different personality theorists present their own definitions of the word based on their theoretical positions.
The term "personality trait" refers to enduring personal characteristics that are revealed in a particular pattern of behaviour in a variety of situations.
Personality can be determined through a variety of tests, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Rorschach Inkblot test, or the Thematic Apperception Test . The most popular technique is the self-report inventory - a series of answers to a questionnaire - that asks participants to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state
The study of personality started with Hippocrates' four humours and gave rise to four temperaments. The explanation was further refined by his successor Galen during the second century CE. The "Four Humours" theory held that a person's personality was based on the balance of bodily humours; yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood. Choleric people were characterized as having an excess of yellow bile, making them irascible. High levels of black bile was indicative of melancholy and pessimism. Phlegmatic people were thought to have an excess of phlegm, leading to their sluggish, calm temperament. Finally, people thought to have high levels of blood were said to be sanguine and were characterized by their cheerful, passionate dispositions
Personality is usually broken into components called the Big Five, which are: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (or emotionality). These components are generally stable over time and appear to be attributable to a person’s genetics rather than the effects of one’s environment.
Some research has investigated whether the relationship between happiness and extraversion seen in adults can also be seen in children. The implications of these findings can help identify children that are more likely to experience episodes of depression and develop types of treatment that such children are likely to respond to. In both children and adults, research shows that genetics, as opposed to environmental factors, exert a greater influence on happiness levels. Personality is not believed to become stable until approximately the age of thirty, and personality constructs in children are referred to as temperament. Temperament is regarded as the precursor to personality. Whereas McCrae and Costa’s Big Five Model assesses personality traits in adults, the EAS model is used to assess temperament in children. This model measures levels of emotionality, activity, sociability and shyness in children. The EAS model is believed to be the equivalent of the Big Five model in adults. Findings show that high degrees of sociability and low degrees of shyness are equivalent to adult extroversion, and also correlate with higher levels of life satisfaction in children.
The term "personality trait" refers to enduring personal characteristics that are revealed in a particular pattern of behaviour in a variety of situations.
Personality can be determined through a variety of tests, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Rorschach Inkblot test, or the Thematic Apperception Test . The most popular technique is the self-report inventory - a series of answers to a questionnaire - that asks participants to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state
The study of personality started with Hippocrates' four humours and gave rise to four temperaments. The explanation was further refined by his successor Galen during the second century CE. The "Four Humours" theory held that a person's personality was based on the balance of bodily humours; yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood. Choleric people were characterized as having an excess of yellow bile, making them irascible. High levels of black bile was indicative of melancholy and pessimism. Phlegmatic people were thought to have an excess of phlegm, leading to their sluggish, calm temperament. Finally, people thought to have high levels of blood were said to be sanguine and were characterized by their cheerful, passionate dispositions
Personality is usually broken into components called the Big Five, which are: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (or emotionality). These components are generally stable over time and appear to be attributable to a person’s genetics rather than the effects of one’s environment.
Some research has investigated whether the relationship between happiness and extraversion seen in adults can also be seen in children. The implications of these findings can help identify children that are more likely to experience episodes of depression and develop types of treatment that such children are likely to respond to. In both children and adults, research shows that genetics, as opposed to environmental factors, exert a greater influence on happiness levels. Personality is not believed to become stable until approximately the age of thirty, and personality constructs in children are referred to as temperament. Temperament is regarded as the precursor to personality. Whereas McCrae and Costa’s Big Five Model assesses personality traits in adults, the EAS model is used to assess temperament in children. This model measures levels of emotionality, activity, sociability and shyness in children. The EAS model is believed to be the equivalent of the Big Five model in adults. Findings show that high degrees of sociability and low degrees of shyness are equivalent to adult extroversion, and also correlate with higher levels of life satisfaction in children.
2.Traducción/Translation
La personalidad tiene que ver con las diferencias individuales entre las personas en los patrones de comportamiento, la cognición y la emoción. Diferentes teóricos de la personalidad presentan sus propias definiciones de la palabra sobre la base de sus posiciones teóricas.El término "rasgo de la personalidad" se refiere a soportar características personales que se revelan en un patrón particular de comportamiento en una variedad de situaciones.
La personalidad puede ser determinada a través de una variedad de pruebas, como el Inventario Multifásico de Personalidad de Minnesota, prueba de la mancha de tinta de Rorschach o el Test de apercepción temática. La técnica más popular es el inventario de autoinforme - una serie de respuestas a un cuestionario que pide a los participantes para indicar la medida en que establece de declaraciones o adjetivos describir con precisión su propio comportamiento o estado mental
El estudio de la personalidad comenzó con Hipócrates cuatro humores y dio lugar a cuatro temperamentos. La explicación fue perfeccionado por su sucesor Galen durante el siglo II. La teoría de "cuatro humores" sostuvo que la personalidad de una persona se basa en el equilibrio de los humores corporales; bilis amarilla, bilis negro, flema y sangre. Personas coléricas se caracterizan por tener un exceso de bilis amarilla, haciéndolos irascible. Los altos niveles de bilis negro era indicativo de la melancolía y el pesimismo. Personas flemáticos se cree que tienen un exceso de flema, lo que lleva a su lentitud, temperamento tranquilo. Por último, la gente piensa que tienen altos niveles de sangre se dice que son optimistas y se caracterizaron por sus alegres, disposiciones apasionados
La personalidad se suele dividir en componentes llamados los cinco grandes, que son: apertura a la experiencia, la conciencia, extraversión, agradabilidad y neuroticismo (o emocionalidad). Estos componentes son generalmente estables en el tiempo y parecen ser atribuibles a la genética de una persona en lugar de los efectos de su entorno.
Algunas investigaciones han investigado si la relación entre la felicidad y extraversión visto en adultos también se puede ver en los niños. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos pueden ayudar a identificar a los niños que son más propensos a experimentar episodios de depresión y desarrollar los tipos de tratamiento que tales niños son propensos a responder a. En ambos niños y adultos, la investigación muestra que la genética, en contraposición a los factores ambientales, ejercen una mayor influencia en los niveles de felicidad. La personalidad no se cree para ser estable hasta aproximadamente los treinta años, y las construcciones de la personalidad en los niños se les conoce como temperamento. El temperamento es considerado como el precursor de la personalidad. Mientras evalúa McCrae y Costa del Big Five Modelo rasgos de personalidad en los adultos, el modelo de EAS se utiliza para evaluar el temperamento en los niños. Este modelo mide los niveles de emotividad, la actividad, la sociabilidad y la timidez en los niños. El modelo de EAS se cree que es el equivalente del modelo del Big Five en los adultos. Los resultados muestran que un alto grado de sociabilidad y bajos grados de timidez son equivalentes a la extroversión de adultos, y también se correlacionan con mayores niveles de satisfacción con la vida en los niños.
3.Pronombres Personales/Subject Pronouns
I
|
YO
|
PRIMERA PERSONA
|
YOU
|
TÚ
|
SEGUNDAS PERSONAS
|
HE
SHE
IT
|
ÉL
ELLA
ESO
|
TERCERAS PERSONAS
|
WE
YOU
THEY
|
NOSOTROS
USTEDES
ELLOS
|
SEGUNDAS PERSONAS
(PLURALES)
|
4.Presente del verbo to Be/Present of the verb Be.
Afirmativa/Affirmative:
Sujeto + verbo to Be + complemento
Subject + verb Be + complement
I am happy
Negativa/Negative:
Sujeto + verbo to Be + not (negación) + complemento
Subject+ verb Be + not + complement
I am not happy
Interrogativa/Interrogative
Verbo to Be + sujeto + complemento + "?"
Verb Be + subject + complement + "?"
Am I happy?
5. Ejemplos de presente del verbo to Be/Present examples of the verb Be.
I am eat fish
I am not eat fish
Am I eat fish?
You are pretty
You are not pretty
Are You pretty?
He is very intelligent
He is not very intelligent
Is He very intelligent?
She is 26 years old
She is not 26 years old
Is She 26 years old?
It is funny
It is not funny
Is It funny?
We are in the high school
We are not in the high school
Are We in the high school?
You are in the park
You are not in the park
Are You in the park?
They are excited about the award
They are not excited about the award
Are They excited about the award?
I am happy with my friends
I am not happy with my friends
Am I happy with my friends?
You are in my house
You are not in my house
Are you in my house?
6. Presente Simple/Simple Present.
Afirmativa/Affirmative.
Sujeto + verbo + complemento
-You work in a company
-He drinks a lot of water
Negativa/Negative.
Sujeto+ do/does+not+verbo+complemento
-You do not/(don't) work in a company
-He does not/(doesn't) drink a lot of water
Interrogativa/Interrogative.
Do/Does+sujeto+verbo+complemento+"?"
-Do you work in a company?
-Does He drink a lot of water?
7.Ejemplos/Examples.
Afirmativa/Affirmative
1.Mary (play) plays soccer with her brother
2.You (run) run at park
3.He (drink) drinks a soda
4.She (talk) talks to her mother
5.We (walk) walk at home
6. It (rain) rains a lot of water
7.They (eat) eat a hamburger
8. Juan (do) does the homework
9.Pedro (cook) cooks a soup
10.We (sing) sing a song
Negativa/Negative.
1.Mary doesn't play soccer with her brother
2.You don't run at park
3.He doesn't drink a soda
4.She doesn't talk to her mother
5.We don't walk at home
6.It doesn't rain a lot of water
7.They don't eat a hamburger
8.Juan doesn't the homework
9.Pedro doesn't cook a soup
10.We don't sing a song
Interrogativa/Interrogative.
1.Does Mary play soccer with her brother?
2.Do you run at park?
3.Does He drink a soda?
4.Does she talk to her mother?
5.Do We walk at home?
6.Does It rain a lot of water?
7.Do They eat a hamburger?
8.Does Juan the homework?
9.Does Pedro cook a soup?
10.Do We sing a song?
8. Wh Question Words
Who= ¿Quién?
When= ¿Cuándo?
Where= ¿Dónde?
What= ¿Qué?
Which= ¿Cuál?
Why= ¿Por qué?
How= ¿Cómo? ¿Cuántos?
How much= ¿Cuánto? (no contable)
How many= ¿Cuántos? (contable)
How long= ¿Durante cuánto tiempo?
How often= ¿Qué tan a menudo? ¿Con qué frecuencia?
9. Mi mascota/My pet
My name is alejandra. This is my dog,Rocky. He is black.He is five years old.
10.Adjetivos Posesivos/Possessive Adjectives
|
I
|
MY
|
MÍO
|
|
YOU
|
YOUR
|
TUYO, SUYO
|
|
HE
|
HIS
|
SUYO (DE ÉL)
|
|
SHE
|
HER
|
SUYO (DE ELLA)
|
|
IT
|
ITS
|
SUYO (NEUTRO)
|
|
WE
|
OUR
|
NUESTRO
|
|
YOU
|
YOUR
|
SUYO (DE USTED, DE USTEDES)
|
|
THEY
|
THEIR
|
SUYO (DE ELLOS)
|
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